File Path 文件路径
file path包提供了解析和构造文件路径的函数，这种方法在操作系统之间是兼容的；例如，Linux上的dir/file与Windows上的 Dir file都可以有效识别。
使用Join方法构造路径，它接受任意数量的参数来构造路径的层次结构。应该始终使用Join方法连接路径，而不是手动连接。除了提供兼容性外，Join方法还将通过删除多余的分隔符和目录规范路径。
Dir函数和Base函数可用于分割指路径为目录和文件名。函数Split则则可以同时返回两者。
我们可以检查路径是否为绝对路径。
某些文件名带有扩展名，可以使用函数Ext将扩展名从文件名中分离出来。通过删除扩展名获得文件基名，请使用strings.TrimSuffix。
函数Rel在两个目标之间查找 相对路径 ，如果没有，则返回一个错误。
结果：
$ go run file-paths.go
p: dir1/dir2/filename
dir1/filename
dir1/filename
Dir(p): dir1/dir2
Base(p): filename
false
true
.json
config
t/file
../c/t/file
Directorie 目录
Go有几个有用的函数来处理文件系统中的目录。
函数os.Mkdir在当前工作目录中创建一个新的子目录。如果是临时目录，最好推迟删除它们，函数os.RemoveAll将删除整个目录树（类似于rm -rf）。
ioutil.WriteFile函数创建新的空文件。
我们可以创建目录层次结构，函数os.MkdirAll创建路径上的所有目录，这与命令行mkdir -p类似。
函数ioutil.ReadDir列出目录内容，返回os.FileInfo对象列表的切片。
函数os.Chdir允许我们更改当前工作目录，类似于命令行cd。
我们还可以递归地访问目录，包括所有子目录。函数filepath.Walk的 回调函数 用于处理访问的每个文件或目录，程序中filepath.Walk递归地为每个文件或目录调用visit。
结果：
$ go run directories.go
Listing subdir/parent
child true
file2 false
file3 false
Listing subdir/parent/child
file4 false
Visiting subdir
subdir true
subdir/file1 false
subdir/parent true
subdir/parent/child true
subdir/parent/child/file4 false
subdir/parent/file2 false
subdir/parent/file3 false
Temporary File and Directorie 临时文件和目录
在程序执行过程中，我们通常希望创建一在程序退出后不需要的数据。临时文件和目录对于这个目的很有用，因为它们在程序使用过后不会污染文件系统。
创建临时文件最简单的方法是调用ioutil.TempFile，它创建并打开一个文件进行读写。第一个参数为空字符串””，因此ioutil.TempFile将在操作系统的默认位置创建临时文件。
方法Name显示临时文件的名称。
在类Unix系统，临时目录可能是/ tmp 。ioutil.TempFile的第二个参数为临时文件名的前缀，其余部分则自动产生，以确保并发创建时始终使用不同的文件名。
os.Remove推迟调用用于在使用完临时数据后清理文件。操作系统很可能会在一段时间后自行清理临时文件，但最好显式地这样做。
方法Write向文件中写入一些数据。
如果要创建许多临时文件，则可以创建一个临时目录用于放置它们。ioutil.TempDir的参数与ioutil.TempFile的参数相同，但是它返回一个目录对象，而不是文件对象。
结果：
$ go run temporary-files-and-directories.go
Temp file name: /tmp/sample610887201
Temp dir name: /tmp/sampledir898854668
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