1.不要使用相对路径
常常会看到:
require_once('../../lib/some_>
该方法有很多缺点:
它首先查找指定的php包含路径, 然后查找当前目录.
因此会检查过多路径.
如果该脚本被另一目录的脚本包含, 它的基本目录变成了另一脚本所在的目录.
另一问题, 当定时任务运行该脚本, 它的上级目录可能就不是工作目录了.
因此最佳选择是使用绝对路径:
define('ROOT' , '/var/www/project/');
require_once(ROOT . '../../lib/some_>
我们定义了一个绝对路径, 值被写死了. 我们还可以改进它. 路径 /var/www/project 也可能会改变, 那么我们每次都要改变它吗? 不是的, 我们可以使用__FILE__常量, 如:
//suppose your script is /var/www/project/index.php
//Then __FILE__ will always have that full path.
define('ROOT' , pathinfo(__FILE__, PATHINFO_DIRNAME));
require_once(ROOT . '../../lib/some_>
现在, 无论你移到哪个目录, 如移到一个外网的服务器上, 代码无须更改便可正确运行.
2. 不要直接使用 require, include, include_once, required_once
可以在脚本头部引入多个文件, 像类库, 工具文件和助手函数等, 如:
require_once('lib/Database.php');
require_once('lib/Mail.php');
require_once('helpers/utitlity_functions.php');
这种用法相当原始. 应该更灵活点. 应编写个助手函数包含文件. 例如:
function load_>
有什么不一样吗? 该代码更具可读性.
將来你可以按需扩展该函数, 如:
function load_>
还可做得更多:
为同样文件查找多个目录
能很容易的改变放置类文件的目录, 无须在代码各处一一修改
可使用类似的函数加载文件, 如html内容.
3. 为应用保留调试代码
在开发环境中, 我们打印数据库查询语句, 转存有问题的变量值, 而一旦问题解决, 我们注释或删除它们. 然而更好的做法是保留调试代码.
在开发环境中, 你可以:
define('ENVIRONMENT' , 'development');
if(! $db->query( $query )
{
if(ENVIRONMENT == 'development')
{
echo "$query failed";
}
else
{
echo "Database error. Please contact administrator";
}
}
在服务器中, 你可以:
define('ENVIRONMENT' , 'production');
if(! $db->query( $query )
{
if(ENVIRONMENT == 'development')
{
echo "$query failed";
}
else
{
echo "Database error. Please contact administrator";
}
}
4. 使用可跨平台的函数执行命令
system, exec, passthru, shell_exec 这4个函数可用于执行系统命令. 每个的行为都有细微差别. 问题在于, 当在共享主机中, 某些函数可能被选择性的禁用. 大多数新手趋于每次首先检查哪个函数可用, 然而再使用它.
更好的方案是封成函数一个可跨平台的函数.
/**
Method to execute a command in the terminal
Uses :
1. system
2. passthru
3. exec
4. shell_exec
*/
function terminal($command)
{
//system
if(function_exists('system'))
{
ob_start;
system($command , $return_var);
$output = ob_get_contents;
ob_end_clean;
}
//passthru
else if(function_exists('passthru'))
{
ob_start;
passthru($command , $return_var);
$output = ob_get_contents;
ob_end_clean;
}
//exec
else if(function_exists('exec'))
{
exec($command , $output , $return_var);
$output = implode("n" , $output);
}
//shell_exec
else if(function_exists('shell_exec'))
{
$output = shell_exec($command) ;
}
else
{
$output = 'Command execution not possible on this system';
$return_var = 1;
}
return array('output' => $output , 'status' => $return_var);
}
terminal('ls');
上面的函数將运行shell命令, 只要有一个系统函数可用, 这保持了代码的一致性.
5. 灵活编写函数
function add_to_cart($item_id , $qty)
{
$_SESSION['cart']['item_id'] = $qty;
}
add_to_cart( 'IPHONE3' , 2 );
使用上面的函数添加单个项目. 而当添加项列表的时候,你要创建另一个函数吗? 不用, 只要稍加留意不同类型的参数, 就会更灵活. 如:
function add_to_cart($item_id , $qty)
{
if(!is_array($item_id))
{
$_SESSION['cart']['item_id'] = $qty;
}
else
{
foreach($item_id as $i_id => $qty)
{
$_SESSION['cart']['i_id'] = $qty;
}
}
}
add_to_cart( 'IPHONE3' , 2 );
add_to_cart( array('IPHONE3' => 2 , 'IPAD' => 5) );
现在, 同个函数可以处理不同类型的输入参数了. 可以参照上面的例子重构你的多处代码, 使其更智能.
6. 有意忽略php关闭标签
我很想知道为什么这么多关于php建议的博客文章都没提到这点.
这將节约你很多时间. 我们举个例子:
一个 super_>
//super extra character after the closing tag
index.php
require_once('super_>
这样, 你將会得到一个 Headers already send error. 为什么? 因为 “super extra character” 已经被输出了. 现在你得开始调试啦. 这会花费大量时间寻找 super extra 的位置.
因此, 养成省略关闭符的习惯:
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