php-fpm 介绍
CGI 协议与 FastCGI 协议
每种动态语言（ PHP,Python 等）的代码文件需要通过对应的解析器才能被服务器识别，而 CGI 协议就是用来使解释器与服务器可以互相通信。PHP 文件在服务器上的解析需要用到 PHP 解释器，再加上对应的 CGI 协议，从而使服务器可以解析到 PHP 文件。
由于 CGI 的机制是每处理一个请求需要 fork 一个 CGI 进程，请求结束再kill掉这个进程，在实际应用上比较浪费资源，于是就出现了CGI 的改良版本 FastCGI，FastCGI 在请求处理完后，不会 kill 掉进程，而是继续处理多个请求，这样就大大提高了效率。
PHP-FPM 是什么
PHP-FPM 即 PHP-FastCGI Process Manager， 它是 FastCGI 的实现，并提供了进程管理的功能。进程包含 master 进程和 worker 进程两种；master 进程只有一个，负责监听端口，接收来自服务器的请求，而 worker 进程则一般有多个（具体数量根据实际需要进行配置），每个进程内部都会嵌入一个 PHP 解释器，是代码真正执行的地方。
nginx 与 php-fpm 通信机制
当我们访问一个网站（如 www.test.com）的时候，处理流程是这样的：
www.test.com | | Nginx | | 路由到 www.test.com/index.php | | 加载 nginx 的 fast-cgi 模块 | | fast-cgi 监听 127.0.0.1:9000 地址 | | www.test.com/index.php 请求到达 127.0.0.1:9000 | | 等待处理...
Nginx 与 php-fpm 的结合
在 Linux 上，nginx 与 php-fpm 的通信有 tcp socket 和 unix socket 两种方式。
tcp socket 的优点是可以跨服务器，当 nginx 和 php-fpm 不在同一台机器上时，只能使用这种方式。
Unix socket 又叫 IPC(inter-process communication 进程间通信 ) socket，用于实现同一主机上的进程间通信，这种方式需要在 nginx配置文件中填写 php-fpm 的 socket 文件位置。
两种方式的数据传输过程如下图所示：
二者的不同：
由于 Unix socket 不需要经过网络协议栈，不需要打包拆包、计算校验和、维护序号和应答等，只是将应用层数据从一个进程拷贝到另一个进程。所以其效率比 tcp socket 的方式要高，可减少不必要的 tcp 开销。不过，unix socket 高并发时不稳定，连接数爆发时，会产生大量的长时缓存，在没有面向连接协议的支撑下，大数据包可能会直接出错不返回异常。而 tcp 这样的面向连接的协议，可以更好的保证通信的正确性和完整性。
Nginx 与 php-fpm 结合只需要在各自的配置文件中做设置即可：
1） Nginx 中的配置
以 tcp socket通信为例
server {
listen 80; #监听 80 端口，接收http请求
server_name www.test.com; #就是网站地址
root /usr/local/etc/nginx/www/huxintong_admin; # 准备存放代码工程的路径
#路由到网站根目录 www.test.com 时候的处理
location / {
index index.php; #跳转到 www.test.com/index.php
autoindex on;
}
#当请求网站下 php 文件的时候，反向代理到 php-fpm
location ~ .php$ {
include /usr/local/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf; #加载 nginx 的 fastcgi 模块
fastcgi_intercept_errors on;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; # tcp 方式，php-fpm 监听的 IP 地址和端口
# fasrcgi_pass /usr/run/php-fpm.sock # unix socket 连接方式
}
}
2) php-fpm 的配置
listen = 127.0.0.1:9000# 或者下面这样 listen = /var/run/php-fpm.sock
通过以上配置即可完成 php-fpm 与 nginx 的通信。
在应用中的选择
如果是在同一台服务器上运行的 nginx 和 php-fpm，且并发量不高（不超过1000），选择unix socket，以提高 nginx 和 php-fpm 的通信效率。
如果是面临高并发业务，则考虑选择使用更可靠的 tcp socket，以负载均衡、内核优化等运维手段维持效率。
若并发较高但仍想用 unix socket 时，可通过以下方式提高 unix socket 的稳定性。
1）将sock文件放在 /dev/shm 目录下，此目录下将 sock 文件放在内存里面，内存的读写更快。
2）提高 backlog
backlog 默认位 128，1024 这个值最好换算成自己正常的 QPS，配置如下。
nginx.conf 文件中
server {
listen 80
default backlog = 1024;
}
php-fpm.conf 文件中
listen.backlog = 1024
3）增加 sock 文件和 php-fpm 实例
在 /dev/shm 新建一个 sock 文件，在 nginx 中通过 upstream 模块将请求负载均衡到两个 sock 文件，并且将两个 sock 文件分别对应到两套 php-fpm 实例上。
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