学习编程语言,早已不是学一点语法规则那么简单。现在更习惯称作选择
Ecosystem(生态圈),而这其中标准库的作用和分量尤为明显。
在Go语言的安装文件里包含了一些可以直接使用的包,即标准库。Go语言的标准库(通常被称为语言自带的电池),提供了清晰的构建模块和公共接口,包含
I/O 操作、文本处理、图像、密码学、网络和分布式应用程序等,并支持许多标准化的文件格式和编解码协议。
在 Windows
下,标准库的位置在Go语言根目录下的子目录 pkgwindows_amd64 中;在 Linux 下,标准库在Go语言根目录下的子目录
pkglinux_amd64 中(如果是安装的是 32 位,则在 linux_386 目录中)。一般情况下,标准包会存放在
$GOROOT/pkg/$GOOS_$GOARCH/ 目录下。
Go语言的编译器也是标准库的一部分,通过词法器扫描源码,使用语法树获得源码逻辑分支等。 Go 语言的周边工具也是建立在这些标准库上。在标准库上可以完成几乎大部分的需求。
Go语言的标准库以包的方式提供支持,下表列出了Go语言标准库中常见的包及其功能。
Go语言标准库包名 | 功 能 |
bufio | 带缓冲的 I/O 操作 |
bytes | 实现字节操作 |
container | 封装堆、列表和环形列表等容器 |
crypto | 加密算法 |
database | 数据库驱动和接口 |
debug | 各种调试文件格式访问及调试功能 |
encoding | 常见算法如 JSON、XML、Base64 等 |
flag | 命令行解析 |
fmt | 格式化操作 |
go | Go语言的词法、语法树、类型等。可通过这个包进行代码信息提取和修改 |
html | HTML 转义及模板系统 |
image | 常见图形格式的访问及生成 |
io | 实现 I/O 原始访问接口及访问封装 |
math | 数学库 |
net | 网络库,支持 Socket、HTTP、邮件、RPC、SMTP 等 |
os | 操作系统平台不依赖平台操作封装 |
path | 兼容各操作系统的路径操作实用函数 |
plugin | Go 1.7 加入的插件系统。支持将代码编译为插件,按需加载 |
reflect | 语言反射支持。可以动态获得代码中的类型信息,获取和修改变量的值 |
regexp | 正则表达式封装 |
runtime | 运行时接口 |
sort | 排序接口 |
strings | 字符串转换、解析及实用函数 |
time | 时间接口 |
text | 文本模板及 Token 词法器 |
Go语言标准库常用的包及功能
当然,优秀第三方资源也是语言生态圈的重要组成部分。近年来崛起的几门语言中,Go
算是独树一帜,大批优秀作品频繁涌现,这也给我们学习 Go 提供了很好的参照。
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