一、前言
本教程根据应用场景进行划分，重点阐述 企业微信 在不同应用场景下的开发思路，同时讲解使用的接口及细节。
进行企业微信应用开发之前需要准备：
1. 可供外网访问服务器用于发布应用，调用官方 API 及处理官方服务器的回调事件。开发阶段，可以将本地机器作为服务器，只需要安装类似花生壳的软件实现内网穿透，最后在企业微信将域名加至可信域名列表中。
2. 处理GET、POST请求的能力及调试工具。官方API在调用时和回调时采用GET和POST两种方式，数据采用JSON格式传输。在开发阶段，可以使用官方提供的“接口调试工具”（地址：）进行测试，也可在本地安装Postman软件进行远程调试。
3. 阅读官方API文档。企业微信开发分为三种场景：企业内部开发、第三方应用开发和智慧硬件开发。其中企业内部开发是最为常用且重要的一种方式，非常有必要阅读。另外官方提供了“加解密库”的下载，建议下载和使用，避免出现加解密失败Bug。每个企业微信应用都有一个密钥用于对传输数据加密，以保证数据传输安全性。官方已提供了c++、python、Java、php、c#和golang语言实现的加解密库工具库。
4.理解access_token。这是一个调用官方API的凭证，调用API时要提供此凭证，官方服务器依据此来验证请求是否合法。凭证从官方服务器获取，且默认为2小时有效期。获取access_token需要使用企业标识corpid和密钥serect（secret介绍见下面内容）。
二、企业 微信 中“用户”相关概念
企业微信的前身是 RTX （面向企业内使用的IM工具），RTX解决了企业内部员工之间的即时通讯问题，可以聊天、传文件等，支持划分部门组织架构。企业微信在RTX基础上将定位进行了外延，将企业微信与微信用户打通，同时增强了面向企业生产、经营、日常办公等业务功能，使之不仅能够成为“企业的生产力工具”，而且能够成为连接客户（微信用户）的营销工具。
企业微信现在同时具备了to B的能力（驱动企业经营生产，例如连接供应商等）和to C的能力（可触达11亿微信用户，例如企业员工添加客户微信为好友，将客户加入到企业的私域流量池）。随着腾讯对企业微信开放数据的进一步扩大，未来企业微信将被赋予更多经营能力，企业微信将成为企业信息化系统中重要的连接器。
企业微信中涉及“用户”的概念包括：成员、部门、应用、外部联系人。
2.1 企业-部门-成员
成员指企业员工，员工被分配在不同部门下，一个企业包括多个部门。
企业与部门之间是一对多的关系，部门与员工之间是多对多的关系（一个员工可归属于多个部门，一个部门下拥有多名员工）。
企业的唯一标识为corpid，部门的唯一标识为departmentid，员工的标识（账号）为userid。
为了实现企业向员工付款或发红包（企业支付场景），每个成员的userid可以转换为 openid （两者之间支持互转），在调用付款和发红包接口时使用openid。但需要注意的是，成员的openid仅为企业微信下使用，而不是公众号中的openid。
2.2 应用
应用是企业微信作为平台提供服务的载体，每个企业（企业微信）下都会包含多个应用。在应用之上，可以实现消息收发（以会话形式发送消息、接收消息）、设置应用主页（H5）、授权登录（为现有的web网页、APP实现企业微信扫码登录）。
应用重要的参数包括两个，分别是agentid和secret。agentid为应用的唯一标识，secret用于获取access_token（需结合corpid）。
每个应用可设置可见成员的范围，例如创建某个应用只面向技术部成员可见，创建某个应用只面向市场部可见。
2.3 外部联系人
在企业微信中，除了本企业的员工成员外，其余被员工加为好友的都视作为外部联系人，外部联系人包括微信联系人和企业微信联系人。微信联系人是指添加了对方的微信账号、企业微信联系人是指添加了对方的企业微信账号。
企业为了构建自己的私域流量池，为提高营销和客户关系维护效果，会让员工将客户加为自己好友，那么这部分从外部加过来的好友，即为外部联系人。这些外部联系人在企业微信中即使原添加的员工离职了，也支持将其再分配，便于工作交接和客户维护。
每个外部联系人都具有唯一标识——external_userid，这个标识在一个企业中是唯一的，应用可以获取到外部联系人userid,外部联系人的userid可以转换为openid，但需要注意此openid与 微信公众号 平台的openid不同。
三、用户授权
企业微信的用户授权流程与微信公众平台流程基本一致。采用OAuth2机制，实现网页授权和扫码授权。
OAuth2授权机制
OAuth2的目的是不需用户输入用户名、密码，只需用户扫码确认或手动确认授权，应用方即可以获取用户信息。企业微信与微信公众号一样，采用了OAuth2中经典的授权码authorization code模式，这也是各大平台都在采用的模式。
上图为授权码的工作流程示意。具体细节为：
1. 用户打开应用（通常为浏览器），应用首先重定向到授权服务器。
2. 授权服务器显示授权页面，用户确认授权。
3. 用户授权成功后，授权服务器重定向（返回）到redirect_uri，同时返回参数code
4. 应用收到code后，向授权服务器发出请求，申请令牌。
5. 应用收到访问令牌和更新令牌。
企业微信网页授权流程
根据以上OAuth2的授权码流程，企业微信中网页授权具体流程为：
1.构造网页授权URL
授权URL格式为：
#wechat_redirect
具体参数含义为
假设redirect_uri为 ， state为1000，则重定向地址为：
2. 获取access_token
在获取access_token前，要先获取企业corpid和serect（密钥secret分为三类：自建应用serect、通讯录secret、外部联系人secret。每一个密钥不仅是调用API的安全钥匙，还是对不同权限的限定）
获取access_token请求地址为：
请求方式：GET
返回结果格式为：
{ “errcode”: 0, “errmsg”: “ok”, “access_token”: “yiuH7Mvyf…..”, “expires_in”: 7200}
调用效果如下图
3. 获取userid
在获取到授权码code和访问令牌access_token后，最后一步即可调用API获取当前访问成员用户的userid。
请求地址：
参数中code使用时需注意：code仅能使用1次，且有效期为5分钟，5分钟内未使用则自动过期。
请求方式：GET
返回结果存在两种情况：
（1）如果当前访问者为“企业成员”，则返回userid
{ “errcode”: 0, “errmsg”: “ok”, “UserId”:”USERID”, “DeviceId”:”DEVICEID”}
返回结果中UserId即为成员在当前企业微信中的唯一标识。DeviceId为设备编号，安装企业微信时随机生成，可用于标识一台手机。
（2）如果当前访问者不是企业成员，则返回OpenId
{ “errcode”: 0, “errmsg”: “ok”, “OpenId”:”OPENID”, “DeviceId”:”DEVICEID”}
返回结果中OpenId为当前访问者在企业微信中的唯一标识，仅限企业微信使用，与公众号中的OpenId不同。企业微信中的OpenId目前仅限支付场景使用。
至此，用户授权流程完成，应用已经获得了成员用户userid（非成员用户openid）。后续如若获取成员用户的详细信息，可调用【读取成员】接口。
三、常见问题
1. 授权码回调返回两次，code返回两次问题
答：授权码code只能使用1次。若出现2次，则表明腾讯服务器认为第一次没能收到正确的响应，所以才会有第2次回调。出现这个情况，需检查：
（1）域名是否正确可到达，是否存在防火墙拦截。
（2）回调地址是否进行了URLCode
(3) 是否正确返回了200状态码
（4）本地进行code判断，若重复则丢弃。
2.userid与openid的关系
答：userid是成员用户在企业微信中的标识，可理解为账号。对于外部联系人，具有external_userid对其在企业微信中进行标识。openid是由userid转化过来的，也是其在企业微信中的标识。但需要注意此openid与微信公众平台openid不同。企业微信中成员用户的userid转为openid后，目前仅用于企业付款、发红包使用。外部联系人external_userid也可以转换external_user_openid，但也仅用于支付场景。
以上为第一部分，请关注我继续学习第二部分内容：企业微信开发简明教——用户管理。
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